A federal appeals court on Thursday rejected the Trump administration’s effort to require detention without bond for potentially millions of illegal immigrants living in the United States, handing Immigration and Customs Enforcement another defeat over its expanded interpretation of federal immigration law.
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In a 2-1 decision, the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals , including those who have lived in the U.S. for years, as subject to mandatory detention while removal proceedings are pending.
Judge Nicole Berner, a Biden appointee, compared the government’s position to previous episodes of mass detention in American history.
“Mass detention of marginalized individuals without due process harkens back to some of the darkest moments in our country’s history,” Berner wrote.
Berner was joined by Judge Barbara Keenan, an Obama appointee.
The Trump administration adopted the broader interpretation in July 2025, arguing that a 1996 immigration law requires mandatory detention for immigrants who entered the country illegally and are considered applicants for admission, even if they were not detained shortly after crossing the border.
The administration argues its interpretation prevents immigrants who evade authorities after illegally entering the country from receiving more favorable treatment than those apprehended near the border.
Federal courts have rejected that interpretation. More than 460 federal judges have ruled against the administration’s position, while more than 50 have sided with it, according to court data compiled by Politico. The disputes have generated hundreds of emergency cases as the administration continues its immigration enforcement campaign.
Judge Allison Rushing, a Trump appointee, dissented, arguing that previous administrations’ failure to use the law as broadly as the current administration does not make the policy unlawful.
“The majority clearly has strong views about what it considers the ‘moral implications’ of denying individuals bond during their removal proceedings,” Rushing wrote, arguing that the court instead must rely on an interpretation “grounded in the Constitution.”
The dispute centers on whether immigrants who entered illegally but have lived in the country for extended periods fall under mandatory detention provisions or are entitled to seek release on bond.
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